Learnings

Outcomes

Year 2022/2023:

• The project has demonstrated there are significant system benefits for the low-carbon GB system from deploying smart EV charging and V2G solutions. Implementation of Smart charging and V2G is highly compatible with fast expansion of variable renewable generation, as it can avoid investment into peaking generation or energy storage capacity, while also mitigating distribution network reinforcement cost.
• A comprehensive analysis of the V2G security risks and vulnerabilities has been conducted. The analysis showed that threats exist in all three layers of the V2G architecture, i.e., physical, network and application layers. The risks including human error, hardware/software compromise, network attacks and information tampering.

Lessons Learnt

Year 2022/2023:

• Data and assumptions are crucial to ensure model robustness. One of the developed models is assumption-driven, current results indicate very high-level insights based on different assumptions. These assumptions will be refined in the next iteration of the model.
• Energy market is important while analysing the system benefits for V2G, new market designs will be needed to encourage more participants into V2G to scale ups the benefits.
• The security design of V2G systems should consider potential issues arising from the use of different devices and communication protocols by various stakeholders in a V2G ecosystem. Given the complexity of cyber-physical systems interconnections in V2G environments, further research is needed to better characterize threat sources and understand their origins and motivations.